Bridging Global Norms and Regional Realities: A Review of International Human Rights Instruments and Their Implementation in South Asia

Abstract

This article examines the framework of international human rights instruments and evaluates their implementation within the South Asian context. The region, comprising states such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri  Lanka, Bhutan and the Maldives, is marked by diverse political systems, socio‑economic challenges and cultural dynamics that significantly affect the enforcement of global human rights norms. While South Asian states are parties to key human rights treaties, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the gap between ratification and effective domestic implementation remains substantial. This review explores the legal obligations of states under international law, examines institutional mechanisms for enforcement, highlights the challenges of regional enforcement, presents detailed countrychapters, and offers policy recommendations. It concludes that bridging global norms with regional realities demands robust domestic frameworks, stronger institutions, regional cooperation, and increased civil society engagement.