AI-Enhanced Fault Mitigation in Solar-Wind Hybrid Systems: A Review

Abstract

Interpretation of the above statement: Currently, with the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources into power grids, fault detection, fault mitigation, and system reliability have become serious issues with solar and wind hybrid systems. Hence, hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) may face several faults, such as mismatch, line-to-line, arc, and ground faults in PV systems, besides the infantness and variability of wind systems. Faults in HRES threaten the reliability of the power supply and thus the stability and safety of equipment in the grid. Relay protection and circuit breakers under dynamic grid conditions could be slow, thereby not responding optimally. Recent advances in fault current limiting using superconductors, including hybrid current limiters, have been developed, characterised by fast response and excellent fault current reduction. Also, AI approaches have been employed to optimise relay coordination and improve transient stability, including, but not limited to, PSO, ACO, and DRL. This review acts as a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey on fault detection and removal techniques within the solar-wind hybrid system, aligns their performance, discusses implementation issues, and their possible integration with smart grids. Comparative results indicate that SFCL can reduce the fault current by almost 70%, but AI-coordinated relay protection drastically improves response time. Cost, scalability, and real-time adaptability remain worthy concerns for the mass deployment of these technologies, while the paper finally concludes that ensuring the reliability, efficiency, and resilience of future renewable energy-based grids shall depend on AI-supported fault current limiters.