A Comprehensive Review of Embedded Hardware  Design and Architectures

Siddhant Pandey

Siddhant Pandey Student, Civil Engineering Department, Barkatullah University, MP, India

Abstract

Embedded systems are ubiquitous in modern technology, driving innovations across industries. Embedded hardware design and architectures form the backbone of these systems, enabling efficient, specialized computing for diverse applications. In this comprehensive review, we explore the fundamental principles of embedded hardware design and delve into various architectures commonly employed in embedded systems, including ARM, x86, RISC-V, and FPGA. We discuss emerging trends such as heterogeneous computing, AI acceleration, security features, and energy efficiency techniques. Despite the progress, challenges like design complexity, real-time constraints, and security vulnerabilities persist. Looking ahead, collaborative efforts between hardware and software engineers, coupled with interdisciplinary research, will shape the future of embedded systems. This review provides insights into the evolving landscape of embedded hardware, essential for understanding the technological advancements driving the next generation of embedded systems.

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