Beyond Conflict: is There A Path to Peace Between India and Pakistan

Abstract

India and Pakistan, two nuclear-armed neighbours, have shared a history
marked by wars, diplomatic standoffs, and sporadic peace efforts since
their partition in 1947. Despite numerous attempts at reconciliation,
deep-seated mistrust, cross-border terrorism, and territorial disputes,
particularly over Kashmir, continue to obstruct lasting peace. However,
recent geopolitical shifts and economic constraints have reignited
discussions on whether a path to peace is still feasible. This article
examines the historical trajectory of India-Pakistan relations, highlighting
key conflicts and diplomatic breakthroughs. It explores the challenges
that prevent meaningful dialogue, including political instability, military
influence, and competing nationalist narratives. The role of terrorism
in disrupting peace processes remains a critical concern, as does
the absence of sustained diplomatic engagement. Nevertheless,
opportunities for cooperation exist, particularly in trade, water-sharing
agreements, counterterrorism efforts, and cultural exchanges. External
actors, such as the United States, China, and Gulf nations, play a
crucial role in shaping bilateral relations, influencing both diplomatic
engagement and strategic posturing. Given the economic constraints
facing Pakistan and India’s growing global ambitions, a pragmatic
approach to engagement may emerge. This study argues that while
complete normalisation remains elusive, incremental steps toward

peace—such as resuming trade, fostering dialogue, and confidence-
building measures—can pave the way for stability. Whether India

and Pakistan choose diplomacy over conflict will ultimately depend
on political leadership, strategic calculations, and the willingness to
prioritise regional stability over short-term domestic gains.