Determination of the Total Hardness of Municipality Water of Jalandhar City, Punjab

Manwinder Kaur; Pawan Sivaji Indalkar; Shereen Yasmeen; S. Ravichandran

Manwinder Kaur Student, B.Tech. Aerospace Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-144 411, Punjab
Pawan Sivaji Indalkar Student, B.Tech. Aerospace Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-144 411, Punjab
Shereen Yasmeen Student, B.Tech. Aerospace Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-144 411, Punjab
S. Ravichandran Professor, Department in Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-144 411, Punjab

Abstract

Water is one of the most wonderful gift and essential needs for life. It is extensively employed in the manufacturing of industrial goods as well as in drinking, bathing, sanitary practises, washing, and irrigation. But water having high hardness is considered to be the major threat to human health. From the literature survey, it reveals that 2.6 % water resources as fresh in the universe is usable. The available fresh water also hard due to contamination and pollution. Bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulphates of calcium and magnesium are what cause water to be hard. The following factors contribute to the mixing of these soluble salts with natural water:
1. Natural water that contains CO+ is transformed into soluble bicarbonates as it passes over limestone (CaCO3) rocks. Water becomes hard as a result.
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 → Ca (HCO3)2
2. These salts dissolve in water when natural water flows over rocks containing calcium and magnesium chlorides and sulphates. Thus water gets hardness. It is being noticed that 1.6 billion people do not have clean water for drinking. The demand of water increases due to over population. Because of various undesirable human activities, water resources are damaged and polluted. The hardness of water is very significant for fish culture. Hard water contains bivalent of calcium and magnesium. Hard water pose serious corrosion and adverse problems in boiler industries for power generation. Hard water formation is indicated by lack of foam formation when soap is used in water and formation of lime scale in kettles and water heaters. In this paper, we are reporting total hardness of municipality water sample collected from Jalandhar city and tested by using EDTA titrimetric method.

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