Mechanical Characterization of Cement-Treated Cold-in-Place Recycled Asphalt Mixtures: A Comprehensive Evaluation
Abstract
An environmentally friendly option for maintaining asphalt pavements
is cold-in-place recycling (CIR). The decreased strength of the cold-inplace
mixtures is one of the main drawbacks of this method. This type of
combination can have its bearing capacity increased by adding cement
to it. Laboratory research has been done on the impact of cement
content on the mechanical characteristics of cold-in-place recycled
asphalt mixtures. The indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus,
dynamic stiffness, fatigue life have all been determined after different
percentages of cement have been added to recycled asphalt mixes that
have been combined with the ideal ratio of emulsified bitumen and
moisture. The fatigue behaviour of cold-in-place recycled mixes has
historically been studied using dynamic indirect tensile loading due to
the difficulty in fabricating beam specimens. In this study, a technique
for producing fatigue beams from the combination was established. It
is discovered that when cement content rises, so do the mixes’ fatigue
life, dynamic stiffness, indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus.
References
1. Al-Hdabi, A., Al-Nageim, H., Ruddock, F. and Seton, L. (2013) “Development of sustainable cold rolled surface
course asphalt mixtures using waste fly ash and silica fume’, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 26, pp. 536–543.
2. Ameri, M. and Behnood, A. (2012) “Laboratory studies to investigate the properties of CIR mixes containing
steel slag as a substitute for virgin aggregates”, Journal of Con- struction and Building Materials, Vol. 26, pp.
475–480.
3. Asphalt Recycling and Reclaiming Association - ARRA (2001) “Basic asphalt recycling manual”, Fed- eral
Highway Administration, Washington, DC, USA.
4. Asphalt Institute (1986) “Asphalt cold-mix recycling”, Manual Series, No. 21 (MS-21), 2nd Edition, the Asphalt
Institute, Lexington, USA.
5. Asphalt Institute (1997) “A basic asphalt emulsion manual”, Third edition, Manual Series, No. 19 (MS-19).
6. ASTM Standard C136 (2010) “Sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate” ASTM International, www. astm.org.
7. ASTM Standard D2170 (2003) “Standard test method for kinematic viscosity of asphalts (bitumens)”ASTM
International, www.astm.org.
8. ASTM Standard D244 (2009) “Standard test methods and practices for emulsified asphalts” ASTM International,
www.astm.org.
9. ASTM Standard D6935 (2011) “Standard test method for determining cement mixing of emulsified asphalt”
ASTM International, www.astm.org.
10. ASTM Standard D6997 (2012) “Standard test method for distillation of emulsified asphalt”, ASTM International, www.astm.org.
11. ASTM Standard D5 (2006) “Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials”, ASTM International, PA, www.astm.org.
12. ASTM Standard D2726 (2006) “Standard test method for bulk specific gravity and density of non-absorptive
compacted bituminous mixtures” ASTM International, www.astm.org.
13. ASTM Standard D2041 (2010) “Standard test method for theoretical maximum specific gravity and density
of bituminous paving mixtures” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org.
14. ASTM Standard D4123 (2003) “Standard test method for indirect tension test for resilient modulus of bituminous mixtures” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org.
15. ASTM standard D6931 (2007) “Standard Test Method for Indirect Tensile (IDT) Strength of Bituminous Mixtures” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org.Behnood, A., Modiri Gharehveran,M., Gozali Asl,
16. F. and Ameri, M. (2012) “ Effects of copper slag and recycled concrete aggregate on the properties of CIR
mixes with bitumen emulsion, rice husk ash, Portland cement and fly ash” Journal of Construction and Building
Materials, vol. 96, pp. 172-180.
17. Brown, F.S. and Needham, D. (2000) “A study of cement modified bitumen emulsion mixtures”, Proceedings
of Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 69, Reno, Nevada, pp. 342-357.
18. Chavez-Valencia, L. E., Alonso, E.; Manzano, A., Pérez, J., Contreras, M. E. and Signoret, C. (2007) “Im- proving
the compressive strengths of cold-mix asphalt using asphalt emulsion modified by polyvinyl acetate” Journal
of Construction and Building Materials, 21, pp.583–589.
19. Cross, A. S. (2008) “Experimental cold-in-place recycling with hydrated lime”, TRB, 87th Annual Meeting,
USA.
20. Cross, A. S. and Young, D. A. (1997) “Evaluation of type c fly ash in cold-in-place recycling”, TRR 1583, pp. 82-90.
21. Gao, L., Ni, F., Luo, H. and Charmot, S. (2015) “Characterisation of air voids in cold-in-place recycling mixtures
using X-ray computed tomography”, Journal of Construction and Building materials, 84, pp. 429-436.
22. Gao, L., Ni, F., Ling, C. amd Yan, J. (2016) “ Evalua- tion of fatigue behavior in cold recycled mixture using digital image correlation method”, Journal of Construc- tion and Building Materials, Vol. 102, pp. 393-402.
23. Gomez-Meijide, B., Perez, I., Airey, G. and Thom, N. (2015) “Stiffness of cold asphalt mixtures with recycled
ag- gregates from construction and demolition wastes” Journal of Construction and Building materials, 77, pp. 168-178.
24. Issa, R., Zaman, M. M., Miller, G. A. and Senkowski, L J. (2001) “Characteristics of cold processed asphalt
millings and cement-emulsion composite”, 80th Annual Meeting of TRB, USA.
25. Kavussi, A. and Modarres, A. (2010a) “A model for Resilient Modulus Determination of Recycled Mixes
with Bitumen Emulsion and Cement from Measuring ITS Testing Results, Construction and Building Materials,
24, pp. 2252-2259.
26. Kavussi, A. and Modarres, A. (2010b) “Laboratory Fatigue Models for Recycled Mixes with Bitumen
Emulsion and Cement”, Journal of Construction and Building Materials 24, pp. 1920-1927.
27. Kim, Y.; Lee, H. D. (2012) “Performance evaluation of Cold In-Place Recycling mixtures using emulsified
asphalt based on dynamic modulus, flow number, flow time, raveling loss”, KSCE Journal of Civil Engi- neering 16, pp. 586–593.
28. Lesueur Didier, Baena José Miguel, Pezo José Luis, Fiedler Jiri. (2008) “In-situ validation of the SCORE Project” Carreteras, 4(158): pp.84–91.
29. Monismith C. L., Epps J. A., Finn F. N. (1995) “Improved Asphalt Mix Design” Proceedings of Asso- ciation of
Asphalt Paving Technologists, 1995, Vol. 54.
30. Modarres, A.; F.M. Moghaddas Nejad, F.; Kavussi, A.; Hassani, A. and Shabanzadeh, E. (2011) “A parametric
study on the laboratory fatigue characteristics of recycled mixes” Journal of Construction and Building
Materials. 25 (2011), pp. 2085–2093.
31. Niazi, Y. and Jalili Q. M. (2009) “Effect of Portland cement and lime Additives on properties of cold in place
recycled mixtures with asphalt emulsion”, Construction and Building Materials, 23, pp. 1338-1343.
32. O´Leary, M. D., Williams, R. D., (1992) “In Situ Cold Recycling of Bituminous Pavements with Polymer Modified
High Float Emulsions”, TRR 1342, 1992, pp. 20-25.
33. Oruc, S.; Celik, F. and Akpinar, M. V. (2007) “Effect of cement on emulsified asphalt mixtures” Journal of
Materials Engineering Performance, 16, pp. 578–83.
34. Rogge, D. F., Hicks, R. G., Scholz, T. V. and Allen, D. (1992) “Case histories of cold-in-place recycled asphalt
pavements in Central Oregon”, TRR 1337, 1992, pp. 61-70.
35. Rutherforda, T.; Wangb, Z.; Shua, X.; Huanga, B.; Clarkec, D. (2014) “Laboratory investigation into mechanical
properties of cement emulsified asphalt mortar” Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 65, pp. 76–83.
36. Tarefder, R. A.; Zaman, M. Sisson, R. and Ting, C. F. (2006) “Field and laboratory properties of lime-treated
cold in-place recycled asphalt pavements”, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 34 (1), pp. 31–41.
37. Thanaya, I. N. A., (2007) “Evaluating and improving the performance of cold asphalt emulsion mixes” Civil
Engineering Dimensions, 9, pp.64–69.
38. Thomas, T., Kadrams, A. and Huffman, J. (2000) “Coldin- place Recycling on Kansas US-283”, 79th Annual
Meeting of TRB, 2000.
39. Yan, J.; Ni, F.; Yang, M. and Li, J. (2010) “An experimental study on fatigue properties of emulsion
and foam cold recycled mixes”, Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 24, pp. 2151–2156.
40. Yan, Jinhai, Ni, Fujian, Yang, Meikam and Li, Jian (2010) “An experimental study on fatigue properties
of emulsion and foam cold recycled mixes”, Journal of Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, pp
2043- 2054. wheel load, has been used in this research
course asphalt mixtures using waste fly ash and silica fume’, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 26, pp. 536–543.
2. Ameri, M. and Behnood, A. (2012) “Laboratory studies to investigate the properties of CIR mixes containing
steel slag as a substitute for virgin aggregates”, Journal of Con- struction and Building Materials, Vol. 26, pp.
475–480.
3. Asphalt Recycling and Reclaiming Association - ARRA (2001) “Basic asphalt recycling manual”, Fed- eral
Highway Administration, Washington, DC, USA.
4. Asphalt Institute (1986) “Asphalt cold-mix recycling”, Manual Series, No. 21 (MS-21), 2nd Edition, the Asphalt
Institute, Lexington, USA.
5. Asphalt Institute (1997) “A basic asphalt emulsion manual”, Third edition, Manual Series, No. 19 (MS-19).
6. ASTM Standard C136 (2010) “Sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate” ASTM International, www. astm.org.
7. ASTM Standard D2170 (2003) “Standard test method for kinematic viscosity of asphalts (bitumens)”ASTM
International, www.astm.org.
8. ASTM Standard D244 (2009) “Standard test methods and practices for emulsified asphalts” ASTM International,
www.astm.org.
9. ASTM Standard D6935 (2011) “Standard test method for determining cement mixing of emulsified asphalt”
ASTM International, www.astm.org.
10. ASTM Standard D6997 (2012) “Standard test method for distillation of emulsified asphalt”, ASTM International, www.astm.org.
11. ASTM Standard D5 (2006) “Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials”, ASTM International, PA, www.astm.org.
12. ASTM Standard D2726 (2006) “Standard test method for bulk specific gravity and density of non-absorptive
compacted bituminous mixtures” ASTM International, www.astm.org.
13. ASTM Standard D2041 (2010) “Standard test method for theoretical maximum specific gravity and density
of bituminous paving mixtures” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org.
14. ASTM Standard D4123 (2003) “Standard test method for indirect tension test for resilient modulus of bituminous mixtures” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org.
15. ASTM standard D6931 (2007) “Standard Test Method for Indirect Tensile (IDT) Strength of Bituminous Mixtures” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org.Behnood, A., Modiri Gharehveran,M., Gozali Asl,
16. F. and Ameri, M. (2012) “ Effects of copper slag and recycled concrete aggregate on the properties of CIR
mixes with bitumen emulsion, rice husk ash, Portland cement and fly ash” Journal of Construction and Building
Materials, vol. 96, pp. 172-180.
17. Brown, F.S. and Needham, D. (2000) “A study of cement modified bitumen emulsion mixtures”, Proceedings
of Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 69, Reno, Nevada, pp. 342-357.
18. Chavez-Valencia, L. E., Alonso, E.; Manzano, A., Pérez, J., Contreras, M. E. and Signoret, C. (2007) “Im- proving
the compressive strengths of cold-mix asphalt using asphalt emulsion modified by polyvinyl acetate” Journal
of Construction and Building Materials, 21, pp.583–589.
19. Cross, A. S. (2008) “Experimental cold-in-place recycling with hydrated lime”, TRB, 87th Annual Meeting,
USA.
20. Cross, A. S. and Young, D. A. (1997) “Evaluation of type c fly ash in cold-in-place recycling”, TRR 1583, pp. 82-90.
21. Gao, L., Ni, F., Luo, H. and Charmot, S. (2015) “Characterisation of air voids in cold-in-place recycling mixtures
using X-ray computed tomography”, Journal of Construction and Building materials, 84, pp. 429-436.
22. Gao, L., Ni, F., Ling, C. amd Yan, J. (2016) “ Evalua- tion of fatigue behavior in cold recycled mixture using digital image correlation method”, Journal of Construc- tion and Building Materials, Vol. 102, pp. 393-402.
23. Gomez-Meijide, B., Perez, I., Airey, G. and Thom, N. (2015) “Stiffness of cold asphalt mixtures with recycled
ag- gregates from construction and demolition wastes” Journal of Construction and Building materials, 77, pp. 168-178.
24. Issa, R., Zaman, M. M., Miller, G. A. and Senkowski, L J. (2001) “Characteristics of cold processed asphalt
millings and cement-emulsion composite”, 80th Annual Meeting of TRB, USA.
25. Kavussi, A. and Modarres, A. (2010a) “A model for Resilient Modulus Determination of Recycled Mixes
with Bitumen Emulsion and Cement from Measuring ITS Testing Results, Construction and Building Materials,
24, pp. 2252-2259.
26. Kavussi, A. and Modarres, A. (2010b) “Laboratory Fatigue Models for Recycled Mixes with Bitumen
Emulsion and Cement”, Journal of Construction and Building Materials 24, pp. 1920-1927.
27. Kim, Y.; Lee, H. D. (2012) “Performance evaluation of Cold In-Place Recycling mixtures using emulsified
asphalt based on dynamic modulus, flow number, flow time, raveling loss”, KSCE Journal of Civil Engi- neering 16, pp. 586–593.
28. Lesueur Didier, Baena José Miguel, Pezo José Luis, Fiedler Jiri. (2008) “In-situ validation of the SCORE Project” Carreteras, 4(158): pp.84–91.
29. Monismith C. L., Epps J. A., Finn F. N. (1995) “Improved Asphalt Mix Design” Proceedings of Asso- ciation of
Asphalt Paving Technologists, 1995, Vol. 54.
30. Modarres, A.; F.M. Moghaddas Nejad, F.; Kavussi, A.; Hassani, A. and Shabanzadeh, E. (2011) “A parametric
study on the laboratory fatigue characteristics of recycled mixes” Journal of Construction and Building
Materials. 25 (2011), pp. 2085–2093.
31. Niazi, Y. and Jalili Q. M. (2009) “Effect of Portland cement and lime Additives on properties of cold in place
recycled mixtures with asphalt emulsion”, Construction and Building Materials, 23, pp. 1338-1343.
32. O´Leary, M. D., Williams, R. D., (1992) “In Situ Cold Recycling of Bituminous Pavements with Polymer Modified
High Float Emulsions”, TRR 1342, 1992, pp. 20-25.
33. Oruc, S.; Celik, F. and Akpinar, M. V. (2007) “Effect of cement on emulsified asphalt mixtures” Journal of
Materials Engineering Performance, 16, pp. 578–83.
34. Rogge, D. F., Hicks, R. G., Scholz, T. V. and Allen, D. (1992) “Case histories of cold-in-place recycled asphalt
pavements in Central Oregon”, TRR 1337, 1992, pp. 61-70.
35. Rutherforda, T.; Wangb, Z.; Shua, X.; Huanga, B.; Clarkec, D. (2014) “Laboratory investigation into mechanical
properties of cement emulsified asphalt mortar” Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 65, pp. 76–83.
36. Tarefder, R. A.; Zaman, M. Sisson, R. and Ting, C. F. (2006) “Field and laboratory properties of lime-treated
cold in-place recycled asphalt pavements”, Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 34 (1), pp. 31–41.
37. Thanaya, I. N. A., (2007) “Evaluating and improving the performance of cold asphalt emulsion mixes” Civil
Engineering Dimensions, 9, pp.64–69.
38. Thomas, T., Kadrams, A. and Huffman, J. (2000) “Coldin- place Recycling on Kansas US-283”, 79th Annual
Meeting of TRB, 2000.
39. Yan, J.; Ni, F.; Yang, M. and Li, J. (2010) “An experimental study on fatigue properties of emulsion
and foam cold recycled mixes”, Journal of Construction and Building Materials, 24, pp. 2151–2156.
40. Yan, Jinhai, Ni, Fujian, Yang, Meikam and Li, Jian (2010) “An experimental study on fatigue properties
of emulsion and foam cold recycled mixes”, Journal of Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, pp
2043- 2054. wheel load, has been used in this research
Published
2023-05-21
How to Cite
HASAN, Zamin; ABBAS, Rana Naveed.
Mechanical Characterization of Cement-Treated Cold-in-Place Recycled Asphalt Mixtures: A Comprehensive Evaluation.
Journal of Advanced Research in Automotive Technology and Transportation System, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 20-27, may 2023.
Available at: <http://thejournalshouse.com/index.php/automotive-transport-tech-engg/article/view/791>. Date accessed: 11 apr. 2025.
Issue
Section
Review Article
