Quantum World of Particles: A Concise Review

Abstract

The quantum world has always ignited human curiosity to unveil and speculate on the fascinating secrets of microscopic particles. This curiosity has opened a window to other branches of physics pushing the boundaries of classical understanding. After years of experimentation and analysis, scientists revealed that at microscopic dimensions, Newtonian mechanics failed not only quantitatively but even qualitatively and conceptually, clearing the way for new ideas. The nature of the difference between Newtonian mechanics and quantum mechanics is presented, with the core difference being the inherently probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics. This probabilistic foundation has led to revolutionary concepts like wave-particle duality and entanglement, fundamentally challenging classical ideas of causality and locality. The present article provides a well-focused and comprehensive overview of foundation ideas, concepts, and applications of quantum mechanics that make it principally different from Newtonian mechanics.