Optical and Wireless Communication: Trends in High-Speed Data Transfer Technologies

Abstract

Optical and wireless communicati on technologies have become indispensable enablers of high-speed data transfer, catering to the escalati ng global demand for faster, more reliable, and energy-efficient networks. These technologies have evolved significantly, with optical systems excelling in high-capacity backbone infrastructures and wireless systems ensuring fl exible and ubiquitous connecti vity. The integration of optical and wireless networks, coupled with advancements in photonic, millimeter-wave, and terahertz technologies, has paved the way for innovati ons in broadband internet, 5G/6G networks, and emerging applicati ons such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart cities. This review explores current trends in opti cal and wireless communicati on technologies, emphasizing their complementary roles in achieving highspeed data transfer. Key topics include advancements in opti cal fi bers, free-space opti cal (FSO) communicati on, millimeter-wave and terahertz wireless systems, and the transformati ve potenti al of hybrid networks. Additionally, the review discusses challenges such as energy effi ciency, scalability, and seamless integrati on, and highlights future directi ons in achieving robust and sustainable communicati on ecosystems.