Structural Interpretation of Rocks in Igarra, Southwestern Nigeria, using Very Low Frequency (VLF) Electromagnetic Method
Abstract
Structural interpretation of rocks in Igarra area, southwestern Nigeria, to delineate geologic discontinuities such as fractures, joints, faults and basement depressions are carried out in this study. Geophysical studies carried out using Very Low Frequency (VLF) electromagnetic method showed that the basement was highly affected by various structural deformations. These structures originated during the pan African Orogeny. In the reconnaissance mode, VLF profiles can be run quickly to identify anomalous conductivity of rocks. It may be used whenever an electrical conductivity contrast is present between geological units. This may include fault mapping, groundwater investigations, overburden mapping, contaminant mapping and mineral exploration. The electromagnetic anomaly amplitudes are more influenced by the conductivity of the overburden or weathered layer, than the overall thickness. Three profiles were covered and interpreted using Microsoft excel and RAMAG. Exe software to delineate the structural features, which played prominent roles in hydrogeological applications, especially in Basement Complex environments because, they usually act as good groundwater accumulation zones in such environments but catastrophic to engineering geology and constructions.
How to cite this article:
Onuegbe OM, Ezenwo OY, Iheanyichukwu OA. Structural Interpretation of Rocks in Igarra, Southwestern Nigeria, using Very Low Frequency (VLF) Electromagnetic Method. J Adv Res Geo Sci Rem Sens 2019; 6(3&4): 39-54.
References
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36. Oloto IN, Ilagha A. Petrographical studies of amate area, afikpo basin southern benue trough. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 1987; 2(5): 2013.
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39. Omosuyi GO, Ojo JS, Enikanselu PA. Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater AroundObanla - Obakekere in Akure Area within the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology 2003; 39(2): 109-116
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41. Oyinloye AO. Genesis of the Iperindo gold deposit, Ilesha schist belt, Southwestern Nigeria. Unpublished thesis of the University of Wales, Cardiff, U.K. 1992; 1-267.
42. Oyinloye AO. Geology, Geochemistry and origin of the banded granite gneisses in the basement complex of the Ilesha Area Southwestern Nigerian. J Africa Earth Science 1998; 264: 633-641.
43. Oyinloye AO. Geochemical Studies of granite gneisses: the implication on source determination. Jour Chem Soc Nigeria 2002a; 26: (1) 131-134.
44. Oyinloye AO. Geochemical characteristics of some granite gneisses in Ilesha area southwestern Nigeria: Implication on evolution of Ilesha schist belt, southwestern Nigeria. Trends in Geochemistry India 2002a; 2: 59-71.
45. Oyinloye AO. Petrochemistry, pb isotope systematic and geotectonic setting of granite gneisses in Ilesha schist belt southwestern Nigeria. Global Jour Geol Sci 2004a; 2(1): 1-13.
46. Oyinloye AO. Metallogenesis of the lode gold deposits in Ilesha Area of Southwestern Nigeria: Inferences from lead isotope systematic. Pak J Sci Ind Res 2006b; 49(11): 1-11.
47. Oyinloye AO. Beyond Petroleum Resources: Solid Minerals to the rescue: 31st Inaugural Lecture of the University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria Press. 2011: 1-36.
48. Kearey P. Michael Brooks, lan Hill. An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration, third edition, Black science Ltd, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2OEL 25 John Street, London WC1N2BS23 Ainslie place, Edinburgh EH36AJ350 Main Street. 2002.
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50. Rahaman MA. The Geology of the district around Iseyin, Western Nigeria: Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1973; 268.
51. Rahaman MA. Ocan OO. On relationship in the Precambrian migmatitic gneisses of Nigeria J Min and Geol 1978; 15(1) (abs).
52. Rahaman MA. Recent advances in the study of the basement complex of Nigeria. Symposium on the Geology of Nigeria, ObafemiAwolowo University, Nigeria. 1988.
53. Rain BN. Landsat exploration of Himlayan and peninsular region, (Remote sensing and mineral exploration progress report of work done in India, IGCP project 143), in advance in space exploration 1980; 10.
54. Russ W. The geology of part of Niger, Zaria and Sokoto provinces, with special geological survey of Nigeria Bull. 1957; 27: 7-10.
55. Sharma PV. Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Cambridge University Press. 1997; 173.
56. Shemang EM. Electrical depth sounding at selected well sites within the Kubari river basin, Zaria, Nigeria. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis A. B. U. Zaria, 1990; 108.
57. Stacey JS, Kramers JD. Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth Planet. Leit. 1975; 26: 206-221.
58. Steeples DW. Engineering and environmental geophysics at the millennium. Geophysics 2001; 66: 31-35.
59. Saydam AS. Very low-frequency electromagnetic interpretation using tilt angle and ellipticity measurements. Geophysics 1981; 46: 1594-1605.
60. Whitmire MG. Geophysical activity in 1979. Geophysics 1980; 45: 1563-1579.
61. lowrie W. Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, Second Edition. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK, 2007; 280-288.
62. Woakes M, Ajibade CA, Rahaman MA. Some metallogenic features of the Nigerian Basement. Jour. of Africa Science 1987; 5: 655-664.
2. Ajayi O, Adegoke-Anthony CW. Groundwater prospects in the basement complex rocks of southwestern Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1988; 7(1): 227-235.
3. Ajibade AC, Fitches WR. The Nigerian Precambrian and the Pan African Orogeny. Precambrian Geology of Nigeria 1988; 45-53.
4. Ajibade AC, Woaks M, Rahaman MA. Proterozoic crustal development in Pan-African regime of Nigeria: In A. Croner (ed) Proterozoic Lithospheric Evolution Geodynamics. 1987; 17: 259-231.
5. Ramesh BV, Ram S, Sundararajan N. Modeling of magnetic and VLF-EM with an application to basement fractures: a case study from Raigarh, India, Geophysics. 2007; 71: 133-40.
6. Bala AE, Onugba A.Premilary chemical assessment of groundwater in the basement complex area within the Bunsuru and Gagere sub-basin, northwestern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology 2001; 37(1): 45-52.
7. Billstrom KA. A model for the Lead isotope evolution of Early Proterozoic Svecofenniansulphide ores in Sweden and Finland. Isotopic Geology 1989; 79: 307-316.
8. Billstrom KA. A lead isotope study of two sulphide deposits and adjacent igneous rocks in South-central Sweden. Mineralium Deposita. 1990; 25: 152-159.
9. Boesse TN, Ocan OO. Geology and evolution of the Ife-Ilesha Schist belt southwestern Nigeria. Symposium on Benin-Nigeria geo-traverse of Proterozoic geology and tectonics of high grade terrains. 1988; 87-107.
10. Burke KC, Dewey JF. Orogeny in Africa. In African Geology AJ, Dessauragie TFJ. Whiteman AJ (eds), University of Ibadan Press, Nigeria. 1972; 583-608.
11. Dahlin T. 2D resistivity surveying for environmental and engineering applications. First Break. 1996; 14: 275-283.
12. Egbuniwe IG. Geotectonic evolution of Maru Belt, northwestern Nigeria, unpublished Ph. D. Thesis of the University of Wales, U.K. 1982.
13. Elueze AA. Mineralogy and chemical nature of metaultramafites in Nigerian schist belts. Emofurieta, W.O: SITP/Sciences program, field mapping Exercises. Jour of Mining Geol 1982; 19: 21-29.
14. Fernandes AJ, Rudolph DL. The influence of Cenozoic tectonics on groundwater production capacity of fractured zones: A case study in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Hydrogeology journal 2001; 9: 151-167.
15. Fraser dC. Contouring of VLF- EM data. Geophysics. 1969; 34: 958-967.
16. Frohlich RK, Arke P. The electrical resistivity of the vadosezone - field study. Groundwater 1989; 27(4): 524-530.
17. Frohlich Rk, Urish DW, Fuller J et al. Use of Geoelectricalmethods in groundwater pollution surveys in a coastal environment. Jour Appl Geophysics 1994; 32: 139-154.
18. Google Earth. Exe software for location mapping 2012 version.
19. Gokturkler G, Balkaya C, Erhan Z et al. Investigation of a shallow alluvial aquifer using geoelectrical methods: a case from Turkey. Environ Geology 1994; 54: 1283-1290.
20. James L. VLF interpretation manual of, blue print publishers, London, Jones HA, Hockey RD (1964). The Geology of part of Southwestern Nigeria. Geological Survey of Nig. Bull. 1988; 31: 101-104.
21. karous MR, Hjelt SE. Linear filtering of VLF dip angle measurement. Geophysical Prospecting 1983; 31: 782-794.
22. Krishnamurty J, Mani A, Jayaraman V et al. Ground water development in Hard water terrain-an Approach using Remotesensing and GIS technique. International journal of Appliedearth observation and Geoinformation 2000; 2(3&4): 204-215.
23. Lasson L. Groundwater in Hard rocks International seminar “groundwater in hard rocks” Stockholm Caglian. 1977.
24. Lazarus G, Ndatuwong, Yadav GS. Journal of Environment and Earth Science 2013; 3(11). ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online). www.iiste.org
25. Ligas P, Palmoba M. An integrated application of geological geophysical methodologies as a cost-efficient tool in improving estimation of clay deposit potential:
Case study from South-Central sardine (Italy). Ore Geology Reviews; 2006; 29: 162-175.
26. McCurry P, Wright JB. Microsoft excel package. Geochemistry of Calc-alkaline volcanics in northwestern Nigeria and a possible Pan-African suture zone. Earth and planetary Sc Lett. 2013; 37: 90-96.
27. McCurry P. Pan-African Orogeny in Northern Nigeria. Geol Soc American Bull 1971; 82: 3251-3262.
28. McCurry P. A general review of the geology of the Precambrian to LowerPalaeozoic rocks of Northern Nigeria. In: Kogbe CA, Geology of Nigeria. Rock view (Nig) Ltd, Jos, Nigeria. 1989; 13-37.
29. Odeyemi IB. Prelimnary report on the field relationship of the Basement complex rocks around Igarra, Midwest Nigeria, In Geology of Nigeria, edited by C.A KogbePp 1976; 59-63.
30. Okwueze E. Shell intensive training program (hxw-edu), Geophysics lecture, © univation, edjeba - warri, 2008.
31. Olayinka AI. A technique for the interpretation of electrical sounding from crystalline basement areas of Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology 1992; 27: 63-69.
32. Olayinka AI. Olayiwola MA. Integrated use of geo elctrical imaging and hydrochemical methods in delineating limits of polluted surface and groundwater at a landfill site in Ibadan area, southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology 2001; 37(1): 53-68.
33. Ologun JAA. Geology mapping of part of Jos plateau using Nigeria SAT-1 image. NASRDA news.2004; 35-37.
34. Olorunfemi MO, Fasuyi SA, Aquifer types and the geoelectric hydrogeologic characteristics of parts of the central basement terrain of Nigeria, Niger State. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1993; 309-317.
35. Olorunniwo MA, Olorunfemi MO. Geophysical investigation for groundwater in Precambrian terrain, A case history from Ikare, Southwest Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1987; 787-796.
36. Oloto IN, Ilagha A. Petrographical studies of amate area, afikpo basin southern benue trough. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 1987; 2(5): 2013.
37. Oluwafemi O. Electrical Resistivity Imaging Survey for Shallow Site Investigation at University of Ibadan Campus Southwestern Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2012; 7(2).
38. Oluwafemi O. The Role of Geophysics in the Investigation ofWaste Disposal Site in Ikare-Akoko Area, Southwestern Nigeria. Int J Sci Emerging Tech 2012; 4(5).
39. Omosuyi GO, Ojo JS, Enikanselu PA. Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater AroundObanla - Obakekere in Akure Area within the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology 2003; 39(2): 109-116
40. Oyawoye MO. The Basement Complex of Nigeria, In: T.FJ. Dessauragie and Whiteman (Eds), African Geology. Ibadan University Press. Nigeria, 1970; 67-78.
41. Oyinloye AO. Genesis of the Iperindo gold deposit, Ilesha schist belt, Southwestern Nigeria. Unpublished thesis of the University of Wales, Cardiff, U.K. 1992; 1-267.
42. Oyinloye AO. Geology, Geochemistry and origin of the banded granite gneisses in the basement complex of the Ilesha Area Southwestern Nigerian. J Africa Earth Science 1998; 264: 633-641.
43. Oyinloye AO. Geochemical Studies of granite gneisses: the implication on source determination. Jour Chem Soc Nigeria 2002a; 26: (1) 131-134.
44. Oyinloye AO. Geochemical characteristics of some granite gneisses in Ilesha area southwestern Nigeria: Implication on evolution of Ilesha schist belt, southwestern Nigeria. Trends in Geochemistry India 2002a; 2: 59-71.
45. Oyinloye AO. Petrochemistry, pb isotope systematic and geotectonic setting of granite gneisses in Ilesha schist belt southwestern Nigeria. Global Jour Geol Sci 2004a; 2(1): 1-13.
46. Oyinloye AO. Metallogenesis of the lode gold deposits in Ilesha Area of Southwestern Nigeria: Inferences from lead isotope systematic. Pak J Sci Ind Res 2006b; 49(11): 1-11.
47. Oyinloye AO. Beyond Petroleum Resources: Solid Minerals to the rescue: 31st Inaugural Lecture of the University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria Press. 2011: 1-36.
48. Kearey P. Michael Brooks, lan Hill. An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration, third edition, Black science Ltd, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2OEL 25 John Street, London WC1N2BS23 Ainslie place, Edinburgh EH36AJ350 Main Street. 2002.
49. Raghynath HM. Hydrogeology and aerial photography. A textbook on Groundwater (2nd edition). New Age International publisher, New Delhi, India. 2002; 58-63.
50. Rahaman MA. The Geology of the district around Iseyin, Western Nigeria: Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1973; 268.
51. Rahaman MA. Ocan OO. On relationship in the Precambrian migmatitic gneisses of Nigeria J Min and Geol 1978; 15(1) (abs).
52. Rahaman MA. Recent advances in the study of the basement complex of Nigeria. Symposium on the Geology of Nigeria, ObafemiAwolowo University, Nigeria. 1988.
53. Rain BN. Landsat exploration of Himlayan and peninsular region, (Remote sensing and mineral exploration progress report of work done in India, IGCP project 143), in advance in space exploration 1980; 10.
54. Russ W. The geology of part of Niger, Zaria and Sokoto provinces, with special geological survey of Nigeria Bull. 1957; 27: 7-10.
55. Sharma PV. Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Cambridge University Press. 1997; 173.
56. Shemang EM. Electrical depth sounding at selected well sites within the Kubari river basin, Zaria, Nigeria. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis A. B. U. Zaria, 1990; 108.
57. Stacey JS, Kramers JD. Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model. Earth Planet. Leit. 1975; 26: 206-221.
58. Steeples DW. Engineering and environmental geophysics at the millennium. Geophysics 2001; 66: 31-35.
59. Saydam AS. Very low-frequency electromagnetic interpretation using tilt angle and ellipticity measurements. Geophysics 1981; 46: 1594-1605.
60. Whitmire MG. Geophysical activity in 1979. Geophysics 1980; 45: 1563-1579.
61. lowrie W. Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, Second Edition. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK, 2007; 280-288.
62. Woakes M, Ajibade CA, Rahaman MA. Some metallogenic features of the Nigerian Basement. Jour. of Africa Science 1987; 5: 655-664.
Published
2021-05-17
How to Cite
KELECHI, Ihekoronye Kingsley et al.
Structural Interpretation of Rocks in Igarra, Southwestern Nigeria, using Very Low Frequency (VLF) Electromagnetic Method.
Journal of Advanced Research in Geo Sciences & Remote Sensing, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 3&4, p. 29-54, may 2021.
ISSN 2455-3190.
Available at: <http://thejournalshouse.com/index.php/geoscience-remotesensing-earth/article/view/124>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
Section
Research Article
