Geographic Information Systems: An Extensive Overview of Their Development and Use

Abstract

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have evolved significantly since their inception, becoming indispensable tools in various fields ranging from urban planning and environmental management to public health and disaster response. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of GIS technology, its key components, and its diverse applications. It explores recent advancements, challenges, and future directions in GIS research and implementation, highlighting its transformative impact on decision-making processes across different sectors. By examining the historical development of GIS, elucidating its fundamental components, and surveying its multifaceted applications, this review aims to provide researchers, practitioners, and policymakers with a deeper understanding of GIS technology and its potential for addressing complex spatial challenges in the twenty-first century.