A Comprehensive Survey of Energy Harvesting and Conservation Techniques for Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are energy-efficient systems vital for diverse applications, from industrial monitoring to extensive environmental surveillance. A critical concern in WSNs is the energy consumption of nodes, which determines the network’s longevity, especially in challenging environments where battery replacement or charging is difficult. This paper offers an in-depth examination of energy conservation techniques in WSNs, categorizing them into five key areas: data reduction, control reduction, energy- efficient routing, duty cycling, and topology control. Additionally, we discuss recent advancements in energy harvesting and sensing strategies. By identifying the chief causes of energy wastage and presenting numerous solutions, this review aims to be a cornerstone reference for stakeholders in WSN energy conservation and those keen on understanding the sector’s latest developments.