Sustainable Leather Processing: Advances in Eco-Friendly Tanning and Finishing Techniques

Abstract

Leather processing is one of the most resource-intensive and chemically demanding sectors within the textile and materials industry, traditionally relying on hazardous chemicals, particularly chromium salts, during tanning and finishing operations. These conventional processes generate significant environmental pollution, including toxic wastewater, solid waste, and greenhouse gas emissions, while also posing occupational health risks. With increasing global awareness of environmental sustainability, stricter regulatory frameworks, and the growing demand for eco-conscious consumer products, the leather industry is undergoing a major transition toward cleaner and greener production technologies.
In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the development of sustainable leather processing methods aimed at reducing environmental impact while maintaining or enhancing product quality. This review critically examines recent advancements in eco-friendly tanning and finishing technologies, including vegetable tanning using plant-derived polyphenols, enzyme-assisted processing techniques, and the development of synthetic and bio-based tanning agents that offer reduced toxicity and improved biodegradability. In addition, innovations such as waterless or low-water processing systems have emerged as promising solutions to address water scarcity and wastewater pollution challenges associated with traditional leather manufacturing.
The application of nanotechnology in leather finishing has further enabled the development of multifunctional leather materials with improved mechanical strength, antimicrobial properties, UV resistance, and self-cleaning capabilities. Furthermore, cleaner finishing systems utilizing solvent-free coatings and bio-based polymers have contributed to reducing volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions while enhancing surface performance characteristics.